Semiconductors

Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like non-metals). Their unique properties allow them to control electrical current, making them essential in a wide range of electronic devices. At room temperature, semiconductors typically do not conduct electricity well, but their conductive properties can be altered by the addition of impurities, a process known as doping. This adjustment creates regions within the semiconductor that can either donate or accept electrons, thus enabling the flow of current. Common semiconductor materials include silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide. Semiconductors are fundamental to modern electronics, forming the basis for components such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits, which are used in devices ranging from computers and smartphones to solar cells and LEDs. Their ability to function as both conductors and insulators makes them indispensable in the development of technology and electronics.